Dmitri, Ivan et Alexeï, trois êtres que tout sépare, partagent un même père, et avec lui une honte indicible : honte de l’origine, de la naissance… Honte d’exister, qui précipite Dimitri dans l’alcool et les excès de son père et assigne Ivan à une résignation désabusée.
Alors que la propagation de l’athéisme plonge le peuple russe dans un doute existentiel, Fiodor Pavlovich, le père de la fratrie, incarne ce désarroi d’une dévotion en souffrance d’idole. Condamné à une existence au second degré, il s’affirme comme une parodie de lui-même. La disparition de Dieu n’a balayé ni la peine ni la culpabilité, mais laissé insatiable la faim d’être pardonné : faute de rédemption, Fiodor mène l’existence dérisoire d’un bouffon et ne récolte que la haine de ses fils. Seul le cadet Alexeï ouvre, confiant, le chemin vers une existence vivable, en opposant au règne généralisé de la honte la ferveur de l’homme simple.

Exprimant les craintes ineffables qui nous agitent, Dostoïevski trouve une ultime consolation dans la fièvre des mots échangés et l’ivresse dangereuse des aveux murmurés.

接著《精神分析新論》之後，本書集弗洛伊德重要的著作於一冊：《超越快樂原則》、《群心理學與自我分析》、《自我與本我》、《抑制、症狀與焦慮》。《超越快樂原則》論述人的行為除快樂原則及由此派生的現實原則之外，還有一條更令符合人的本能的原則，也就是強迫性原則。《自我與本我》首先將心理區分為意識和潛意識，然後說明潛意識有描述意義上的、動力學意義上的區別；其次闡述自我從本我、超我從自我分化的過程。《抑制、症狀與焦慮》則是對壓抑與焦慮及心理防禦機制關係理論進行修正與補充的主要著作，闡明了「壓抑」與「防禦」兩個基本概念的聯繫與區別，以及它們在精神分析中的作用。

" I fratelli Karamazov sono il romanzo più grandioso che mai sia stato scritto, l'episodio del Grande Inquisitore è uno dei vertici della letteratura universale, un capitolo di bellezza inestimabile... Non è certo un caso che tre capolavori di tutti i tempi trattino lo stesso tema, il parricidio: alludiamo all' Edipo re di Sofocle, all' Amleto di Shakespeare e ai Fratelli Karamazov di Dostoevskij. In tutte e tre le opere è messo a nudo anche il motivo del misfatto: la rivalità sessuale per il possesso della donna." (Sigmund Freud)

Qual o futuro da humanidade? Este é o ponto de partida de "O futuro de uma ilusão", ensaio escrito por Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) em 1927, em pleno e agitado período entreguerras. Se a cultura humana repousa precariamente sobre a repressão de impulsos antissociais naturais a todos, a religião é a principal força a controlar estes impulsos, o que nos leva à outra pergunta: qual a origem psicológica da necessidade do sentimento religioso no indivíduo? O que, em cada pessoa, a torna propensa a crer num sistema irracional, indemonstrá­vel e de recusa à realidade? Freud demonstra que a religião ("a neurose obsessiva universal da humanidade") depende de sentimentos infantis não resolvidos e afirma ser ela, bem como seus dogmas, a culpada pela atrofia intelectual da maior parte dos seres humanos. Para Freud, a fim de o homem se organi­zar razoável e saudavelmente sobre a Terra, livre de ilusões, urge uma mudança radical nas formas de educação – que ele defende magistralmente neste texto breve mas impactante, tan­to hoje quanto na época de sua publicação.

Freud's discovery that the dream is the means by which the unconscious can be explored is undoubtedly the most revolutionary step forward in the entire history of psychology. Dreams, according to his theory, represent the hidden fulfillment of our unconscious wishes.

It stands as a brilliant summary of the views on culture from a psychoanalytic perspective that he had been developing since the turn of the century. It is both witness and tribute to the late theory of mind—the so-called structural theory, with its stress on aggression, indeed the death drive, as the pitiless adversary of eros.

Civilization and Its Discontents is one of the last of Freud's books, written in the decade before his death and first published in German in 1929. In it he states his views on the broad question of man's place in the world, a place Freud defines in terms of ceaseless conflict between the individual's quest for freedom and society's demand for conformity.


Freud's theme is that what works for civilization doesn't necessarily work for man. Man, by nature aggressive and egotistical, seeks self-satisfaction. But culture inhibits his instinctual drives. The result is a pervasive and familiar guilt.


Of the various English translations of Freud's major works to appear in his lifetime, only one was authorized by Freud himself: The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud under the general editorship of James Strachey.


Freud approved the overall editorial plan, specific renderings of key words and phrases, and the addition of valuable notes, from bibliographical and explanatory. Many of the translations were done by Strachey himself; the rest were prepared under his supervision. The result was to place the Standard Edition in a position of unquestioned supremacy over all other existing versions.